> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.cyborg.co/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Add Items to an Encrypted Index

Once you have created or loaded an encrypted index, you can add items to it. To do this, you can use the `upsert()` function:

<CodeGroup>
  ```python Python theme={null}
  # Items to add to the encrypted index
  items = [
      {"id": 1, "vector": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4]},
      {"id": 2, "vector": [0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8]},
      {"id": 3, "vector": [0.9, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12]}
  ]

  # Add items to the encrypted index
  index.upsert(items)
  ```

  ```cpp C++ theme={null}
  // Items to add to the encrypted index
  std::vector<uint64_t> ids = {1, 2, 3};
  cyborg::Array2D vectors = {{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4}, {0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8}, {0.9, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12}};

  // Add items to the encrypted index
  index.Upsert(vectors, ids);
  ```
</CodeGroup>

For more info on `Array2D` in C++, see the [API Reference](../../api-reference/cpp/types#array2d).

## Adding Items with Contents

It's also possible to store item contents alongside vectors. To do this, simply add `item` (which must be bytes) to the `upsert()` call:

<CodeGroup>
  ```python Python theme={null}
  # Items to add to the encrypted index
  items = [
      {"id": 1, "vector": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4], "item": "Hello!"},
      {"id": 2, "vector": [0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8], "item": "World!"},
      {"id": 3, "vector": [0.9, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12], "item": "Cyborg!"}
  ]

  # Add items to the encrypted index
  index.upsert(items)
  ```

  ```cpp C++ theme={null}
  // Items to add to the encrypted index
  std::vector<uint64_t> ids = {1, 2, 3};
  cyborg::Array2D vectors = {{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4}, {0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8}, {0.9, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12}};
  std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> items = {
      std::vector<uint8_t>{'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!'},
      std::vector<uint8_t>{'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!'},
      std::vector<uint8_t>{'C', 'y', 'b', 'o', 'r', 'g', '!'}
  };

  // Add items to the encrypted index
  index.Upsert(vectors, ids, items);
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Understanding Conflicts & Updates

Since Cyborg Vector Search is end-to-end encrypted, it cannot manage conflicts and updates in the way that "traditional" Vector DBs do. Since index contents can't be viewed server-side, conflicts are handled client-side. The way this works is simple: `upsert` calls on the same ID will logically "overwrite" the ID, but not via a deletion. Rather, the original entry is kept but ignored in favor of the second one during query operations.

## API Reference

For more information on adding items to an encrypted index, refer to the API reference:

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Python API Reference" href="../../api-reference/python/encrypted-index/upsert" icon="python">
    API reference for `upsert()` in Python
  </Card>

  <Card title="C++ API Reference" href="../../api-reference/cpp/encrypted-index/upsert" icon="brackets-curly">
    API reference for `Upsert()` in C++
  </Card>
</CardGroup>